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TIME: Almanac 1995
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TIME Almanac 1995.iso
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1994-03-25
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<text id=90TT2663>
<title>
Oct. 08, 1990: A Restless Venus Unveiled
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Oct. 08, 1990 Do We Care About Our Kids?
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SPACE, Page 69
A Restless Venus Unveiled
</hdr><body>
<p>Magellan peers to the volcanic surface of Earth's near twin
</p>
<p> Venus is the closest planet to Earth, and yet it retains an
aura of mystery. The thick layer of clouds hiding its surface
has long frustrated efforts to take a close look at the Venusian
landscape.
</p>
<p> Now the veil is coming off. Last week NASA's Magellan
spacecraft transmitted the most detailed pictures ever made of
Earth's next-door neighbor. The radar images revealed a tortured
topography with fault-like cracks in surprisingly regular
patterns, craters as big as greater Los Angeles and volcanic
mountains flanked by congealed rivers of lava at least 320 km
(200 miles) long. Says James Head III, a Brown University
geologist and member of the Magellan imaging team: "It's a
revolutionary new view of Venus."
</p>
<p> The revolution almost didn't happen. When Magellan first
took up its elliptical orbit around Venus on Aug. 10, its
communications system inexplicably stopped working. Then the
equipment started up, letting the space probe send back a few
tantalizing images -- and stopped once more. Fearful that the
spacecraft would lose contact with Earth permanently, engineers
at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is responsible for
Magellan, put the imaging on hold while they tracked down the
problem. It was apparently a faulty computer chip. Electronic
signals have been rerouted to bypass the flaw, and meanwhile
Magellan's control software is being entirely rewritten to make
doubly sure there are no more lapses.
</p>
<p> If the probe keeps working, scientists will by next summer
have mapped some 90% of the planet. Magellan's radar detectors
can pick up features as small as 120 meters (394 ft.) across,
10 times smaller than anything ever seen before. That should be
enough to begin answering some important questions about the
geology and atmosphere of the planet. Although nearly the same
size as Earth, Venus has an atmosphere thick with carbon dioxide
and sulfuric acid. These gases have created an atmospheric
pressure at the surface 90 times that of Earth and led to a
greenhouse effect that keeps the temperature at 470 degrees C
(900 degrees F), hot enough to melt lead and ensure that liquid
water cannot exist.
</p>
<p> That is a plus for scientists. Without flowing liquids to
cause erosion, the geological history of Venus has been
preserved and can now be observed as if by time-lapse
photography. For example, the outline of one mountain peak
clearly shows how it was formed over time by three separate
upward thrusts of the planet's surface. The atmosphere preserves
the land in another way as well: the clouds are so dense that
all but the largest incoming meteorites burn up before striking
the surface. Earth has absorbed far more hits from meteorites,
although much of the evidence has eroded away.
</p>
<p> Many scientists believe the Venusian volcanoes are still
capable of erupting, and there is even a chance they may be
caught in the act. After finishing a 243-day mapping mission,
Magellan will start all over and do it again. Any change in the
landscape that shows up in the second version -- new lava or
other debris, for example -- would be strong evidence of
volcanism, making Venus only the fourth body in the solar
system, after Earth, Jupiter's moon Io and Neptune's moon
Triton, where eruptions have been spotted.
</p>
<p> It is still debatable whether Venus shares one trait with
Earth that is not shared by any other planet or moon: a surface
divided into "tectonic plates" that slide around on a subsurface
sea of semimolten rock, forming mountains where they collide and
trenches where they pull apart. Because Venus is so similar to
Earth in size and weight, the notion is plausible, and the
initial images seem consistent with such a structure. But,
cautions Caltech planetary scientist Bruce Murray, "the whole
debate is premature. We must be very careful with this
evidence." In fact, it is dangerous to generalize much about
Venus just yet. Magellan has so far mapped only 1.5% of the
planet's surface. It is possible that other areas will look
vastly different, and that Venus may have more secrets to
reveal.
</p>
<p>By Michael D. Lemonick. Reported by Edwin M. Reingold/Los
Angeles.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>